Covalently linked Photoinitiators
Migration is especially problematic when protective and decorative coatings are applied in the field of food packaging, health care, and other all day use items, which can come in contact with humans. Photoproducts and unreacted photo-initiators are able to migrate out of the cured polymers, causing a general hazard. Recent studies have shown that benzophenone and its photoproducts are possible carcinogenic to humans (List of IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Group 2B carcinogens). Photoinitiators and coinitiators were also found in every single blood serum sample out of 1000 patients, proving photoinitiators and their photoproducts are omnipresent contaminants. Copolymerizable photoinitiators or covalently linked coinitiator molecules are possible solutions for this problem.